gf

Pyrocko-GF: storage and calculation of synthetic seismograms

The pyrocko.gf subpackage splits functionality into several submodules:

  • The pyrocko.gf.store module deals with the storage, retrieval and summation of Green’s functions.
  • The pyrocko.gf.meta module provides data structures for the meta information associated with the Green’s function stores and implements various the Green’s function lookup indexing schemes.
  • The pyrocko.gf.builder module defines a common base for Green’s function store builders.
  • The pyrocko.gf.seismosizer module provides high level synthetic seismogram synthesis.

All classes defined in the pyrocko.gf.* submodules are imported into the pyrocko.gf namespace, so user scripts may simply use from pyrocko import gf or from pyrocko.gf import * for convenience.

gf.store

exception NotMultipleOfSamplingInterval[source]

Bases: Exception

class GFTrace(data=None, itmin=None, deltat=1.0, is_zero=False, begin_value=None, end_value=None, tmin=None)[source]

Bases: object

Green’s Function trace class for handling traces from the GF store.

t

Time vector of the GF trace.

Returns:Time vector
Return type:numpy.ndarray
exception CannotCreate[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.error.StoreError

exception CannotOpen[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.error.StoreError

exception DuplicateInsert[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.error.StoreError

exception NotAllowedToInterpolate[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.error.StoreError

exception NoSuchExtra(s)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.error.StoreError

exception NoSuchPhase(s)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.error.StoreError

class Store(store_dir, mode='r', use_memmap=True)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.store.BaseStore

Green’s function disk storage and summation machine.

The Store can be used to efficiently store, retrieve, and sum Green’s function traces. A Store contains many 1D time traces sampled at even multiples of a global sampling rate, where each time trace has an individual start and end time. The traces are treated as having repeating end points, so the functions they represent can be non-constant only between begin and end time. It provides capabilities to retrieve decimated traces and to extract parts of the traces. The main purpose of this class is to provide a fast, easy to use, and flexible machanism to compute weighted delay-and-sum stacks with many Green’s function traces involved.

Individual Green’s functions are accessed through a single integer index at low level. On top of that, various indexing schemes can be implemented by providing a mapping from physical coordinates to the low level index i. E.g. for a problem with cylindrical symmetry, one might define a mapping from the coordinates (receiver_depth, source_depth, distance) to the low level index. Index translation is done in the pyrocko.gf.meta.Config subclass object associated with the Store. It is accessible through the store’s config attribute, and contains all meta information about the store, including physical extent, geometry, sampling rate, and information about the type of the stored Green’s functions. Information about the underlying earth model can also be found there.

A GF store can also contain tabulated phase arrivals. In basic cases, these can be created with the make_ttt() and evaluated with the t() methods.

config

The pyrocko.gf.meta.Config derived object associated with the store which contains all meta information about the store and provides the high-level to low-level index mapping.

store_dir

Path to the store’s data directory.

mode

The mode in which the store is opened: 'r': read-only, 'w': writeable.

classmethod create(store_dir, config, force=False, extra=None)[source]

Create new GF store.

Creates a new GF store at path store_dir. The layout of the GF is defined with the parameters given in config, which should be an object of a subclass of Config. This function will refuse to overwrite an existing GF store, unless force is set to True. If more information, e.g. parameters used for the modelling code, earth models or other, should be saved along with the GF store, these may be provided though a dict given to extra. The keys of this dict must be names and the values must be guts type objects.

Parameters:
  • store_dir (str) – GF store path
  • config (Config) – GF store Config
  • force (bool) – Force overwrite, defaults to False
  • extra (dict or None) – Extra information
get_extra(key)[source]

Get extra information stored under given key.

upgrade()[source]

Upgrade store config and files to latest Pyrocko version.

put(args, trace)[source]

Insert trace into GF store.

Store a single GF trace at (high-level) index args.

Parameters:args (tuple) – Config index tuple, e.g. (source_depth, distance, component) as in ConfigTypeA.
Returns:GF trace at args
Return type:GFTrace
get(args, itmin=None, nsamples=None, decimate=1, interpolation='nearest_neighbor', implementation='c')[source]

Retrieve GF trace from store.

Retrieve a single GF trace from the store at (high-level) index args. By default, the full trace is retrieved. Given itmin and nsamples, only the selected portion of the trace is extracted. If decimate is an integer in the range [2,8], the trace is decimated on the fly or, if available, the trace is read from a decimated version of the GF store.

Parameters:
  • args (tuple) – Config index tuple, e.g. (source_depth, distance, component) as in ConfigTypeA.
  • itmin (int or None) – Start time index (start time is itmin * dt), defaults to None
  • nsamples (int or None) – Number of samples, defaults to None
  • decimate (int) – Decimatation factor, defaults to 1
  • interpolation (str) – Interpolation method ['nearest_neighbor', 'multilinear', 'off'], defaults to 'nearest_neighbor'
  • implementation (str) – Implementation to use ['c', 'reference'], defaults to 'c'.
Returns:

GF trace at args

Return type:

GFTrace

sum(args, delays, weights, itmin=None, nsamples=None, decimate=1, interpolation='nearest_neighbor', implementation='c', optimization='enable')[source]

Sum delayed and weighted GF traces.

Calculate sum of delayed and weighted GF traces. args is a tuple of arrays forming the (high-level) indices of the GF traces to be selected. Delays and weights for the summation are given in the arrays delays and weights. itmin and nsamples can be given to restrict to computation to a given time interval. If decimate is an integer in the range [2,8], decimated traces are used in the summation.

Parameters:
  • args (tuple(numpy.ndarray)) – Config index tuple, e.g. (source_depth, distance, component) as in ConfigTypeA.
  • delays (numpy.ndarray) – Delay times
  • weights (numpy.ndarray) – Trace weights
  • itmin (int or None) – Start time index (start time is itmin * dt), defaults to None
  • nsamples (int or None) – Number of samples, defaults to None
  • decimate (int) – Decimatation factor, defaults to 1
  • interpolation (str) – Interpolation method ['nearest_neighbor', 'multilinear', 'off'], defaults to 'nearest_neighbor'
  • implementation (str) – Implementation to use, ['c', 'alternative', 'reference'], where 'alternative' and 'reference' use a Python implementation, defaults to ‘c’
  • optimization (str) – Optimization mode ['enable', 'disable'], defaults to 'enable'
Returns:

Stacked GF trace.

Return type:

GFTrace

make_decimated(decimate, config=None, force=False, show_progress=False)[source]

Create decimated version of GF store.

Create a downsampled version of the GF store. Downsampling is done for the integer factor decimate which should be in the range [2,8]. If config is None, all traces of the GF store are decimated and held available (i.e. the index mapping of the original store is used), otherwise, a different spacial stepping can be specified by giving a modified GF store configuration in config (see create()). Decimated GF sub-stores are created under the decimated subdirectory within the GF store directory. Holding available decimated versions of the GF store can save computation time, IO bandwidth, or decrease memory footprint at the cost of increased disk space usage, when computation are done for lower frequency signals.

Parameters:
  • decimate (int) – Decimate factor
  • config (Config or None) – GF store config object, defaults to None
  • force (bool) – Force overwrite, defaults to False
  • show_progress (bool) – Show progress, defaults to False
get_stored_phase(phase_id)[source]

Get stored phase from GF store

Returns:Phase information
Return type:pyrocko.spit.SPTree
t(timing, *args)[source]

Compute interpolated phase arrivals.

Examples:

If test_store is of ConfigTypeA:

test_store.t('p', (1000, 10000))
test_store.t('last{P|Pdiff}', (1000, 10000)) # The latter arrival
                                             # of P or diffracted
                                             # P phase

If test_store is of ConfigTypeB:

test_store.t('S', (1000, 1000, 10000))
test_store.t('first{P|p|Pdiff|sP}', (1000, 1000, 10000)) # The
            `                                # first arrival of
                                             # the given phases is
                                             # selected
Parameters:
  • timing (str or Timing) – Timing string as described above
  • *args (tuple) – Config index tuple, e.g. (source_depth, distance, component) as in ConfigTypeA.
Returns:

Phase arrival according to timing

Return type:

float or None

make_timing_params(begin, end, snap_vred=True, force=False)[source]

Compute tight parameterized time ranges to include given timings.

Calculates appropriate time ranges to cover given begin and end timings over all GF points in the store. A dict with the following keys is returned:

  • 'tmin': time [s], minimum of begin timing over all GF points
  • 'tmax': time [s], maximum of end timing over all GF points
  • 'vred', 'tmin_vred': slope [m/s] and offset [s] of reduction velocity [m/s] appropriate to catch begin timing over all GF points
  • 'tlenmax_vred': maximum time length needed to cover all end timings, when using linear slope given with (vred, tmin_vred) as start
make_ttt(force=False)[source]

Compute travel time tables.

Travel time tables are computed using the 1D earth model defined in earthmodel_1d for each defined phase in tabulated_phases. The accuracy of the tablulated times is adjusted to the sampling rate of the store.

gf.builder

gf.seismosizer

exception SeismosizerError[source]

Bases: Exception

exception BadRequest[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.SeismosizerError

exception NoSuchStore(store_id=None, dirs=None)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.BadRequest

class Range(*args, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.SObject

Convenient range specification.

Equivalent ways to sepecify the range [ 0., 1000., … 10000. ]:

Range('0 .. 10k : 1k')
Range(start=0., stop=10e3, step=1e3)
Range(0, 10e3, 1e3)
Range('0 .. 10k @ 11')
Range(start=0., stop=10*km, n=11)

Range(0, 10e3, n=11)
Range(values=[x*1e3 for x in range(11)])

Depending on the use context, it can be possible to omit any part of the specification. E.g. in the context of extracting a subset of an already existing range, the existing range’s specification values would be filled in where missing.

The values are distributed with equal spacing, unless the spacing argument is modified. The values can be created offset or relative to an external base value with the relative argument if the use context supports this.

The range specification can be expressed with a short string representation:

'start .. stop @ num | spacing, relative'
'start .. stop : step | spacing, relative'

most parts of the expression can be omitted if not needed. Whitespace is allowed for readability but can also be omitted.

start

float, optional

stop

float, optional

step

float, optional

n

int, optional

values

numpy.ndarray (pyrocko.guts_array.Array), optional

spacing

builtins.str (pyrocko.guts.StringChoice), optional, default: 'lin'

relative

builtins.str (pyrocko.guts.StringChoice), optional, default: ''

class STF(effective_duration=None, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.Object, pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.Cloneable

Base class for source time functions.

class BoxcarSTF(effective_duration=None, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.STF

Boxcar type source time function.

boxcar source time function
duration

float, default: 0.0

duration of the boxcar

anchor

float, default: 0.0

anchor point with respect to source.time: (-1.0: left -> source duration [0, T] ~ hypocenter time, 0.0: center -> source duration [-T/2, T/2] ~ centroid time, +1.0: right -> source duration [-T, 0] ~ rupture end time)

class TriangularSTF(effective_duration=None, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.STF

Triangular type source time function.

triangular source time function
duration

float, default: 0.0

baseline of the triangle

peak_ratio

float, default: 0.5

fraction of time compared to duration, when the maximum amplitude is reached

anchor

float, default: 0.0

anchor point with respect to source.time: (-1.0: left -> source duration [0, T] ~ hypocenter time, 0.0: center -> source duration [-T/2, T/2] ~ centroid time, +1.0: right -> source duration [-T, 0] ~ rupture end time)

class HalfSinusoidSTF(effective_duration=None, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.STF

Half sinusoid type source time function.

half-sinusouid source time function
duration

float, default: 0.0

duration of the half-sinusoid (baseline)

anchor

float, default: 0.0

anchor point with respect to source.time: (-1.0: left -> source duration [0, T] ~ hypocenter time, 0.0: center -> source duration [-T/2, T/2] ~ centroid time, +1.0: right -> source duration [-T, 0] ~ rupture end time)

exponent

int, default: 1

set to 2 to use square of the half-period sinusoidal function.

class ResonatorSTF(effective_duration=None, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.STF

Simple resonator like source time function.

f(t) = 0 for t < 0
f(t) = e^{-t/tau} * sin(2 * pi * f * t)

smooth ramp source time function
duration

float, default: 0.0

decay time

frequency

float, default: 1.0

resonance frequency

class STFMode(dummy) → str[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.StringChoice

Any str out of ['pre', 'post'].

class Source(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.model.location.Location, pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.Cloneable

Base class for all source models.

name

str, optional, default: ''

time

builtins.float (pyrocko.guts.Timestamp), default: 0.0

source origin time.

stf

STF, optional

source time function.

stf_mode

builtins.str (STFMode), default: 'post'

whether to apply source time function in pre or post-processing.

update(**kwargs)[source]

Change some of the source models parameters.

Example:

>>> from pyrocko import gf
>>> s = gf.DCSource()
>>> s.update(strike=66., dip=33.)
>>> print s
--- !pf.DCSource
depth: 0.0
time: 1970-01-01 00:00:00
magnitude: 6.0
strike: 66.0
dip: 33.0
rake: 0.0
grid(**variables)[source]

Create grid of source model variations.

Returns:SourceGrid instance.

Example:

>>> from pyrocko import gf
>>> base = DCSource()
>>> R = gf.Range
>>> for s in base.grid(R('
base_key()[source]

Get key to decide about source discretization / GF stack sharing.

When two source models differ only in amplitude and origin time, the discretization and the GF stacking can be done only once for a unit amplitude and a zero origin time and the amplitude and origin times of the seismograms can be applied during post-processing of the synthetic seismogram.

For any derived parameterized source model, this method is called to decide if discretization and stacking of the source should be shared. When two source models return an equal vector of values discretization is shared.

get_factor()[source]

Get the scaling factor to be applied during post-processing.

Discretization of the base seismogram is usually done for a unit amplitude, because a common factor can be efficiently multiplied to final seismograms. This eliminates to do repeat the stacking when creating seismograms for a series of source models only differing in amplitude.

This method should return the scaling factor to apply in the post-processing (often this is simply the scalar moment of the source).

effective_stf_pre()[source]

Return the STF applied before stacking of the Green’s functions.

This STF is used during discretization of the parameterized source models, i.e. to produce a temporal distribution of point sources.

Handling of the STF before stacking of the GFs is less efficient but allows to use different source time functions for different parts of the source.

effective_stf_post()[source]

Return the STF applied after stacking of the Green’s fuctions.

This STF is used in the post-processing of the synthetic seismograms.

Handling of the STF after stacking of the GFs is usually more efficient but is only possible when a common STF is used for all subsources.

class SourceWithMagnitude(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.Source

Base class for sources containing a moment magnitude.

magnitude

float, default: 6.0

Moment magnitude Mw as in [Hanks and Kanamori, 1979]

exception DerivedMagnitudeError[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.ValidationError

class SourceWithDerivedMagnitude(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.Source

Undocumented.

check_conflicts()[source]

Check for parameter conflicts.

To be overloaded in subclasses. Raises DerivedMagnitudeError on conflicts.

class ExplosionSource(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.SourceWithDerivedMagnitude

An isotropic explosion point source.

magnitude

float, optional

moment magnitude Mw as in [Hanks and Kanamori, 1979]

volume_change

float, optional

volume change of the explosion/implosion or the contracting/extending magmatic source. [m^3]

discretized_source_class

alias of pyrocko.gf.meta.DiscretizedExplosionSource

base_key()[source]

Get key to decide about source discretization / GF stack sharing.

When two source models differ only in amplitude and origin time, the discretization and the GF stacking can be done only once for a unit amplitude and a zero origin time and the amplitude and origin times of the seismograms can be applied during post-processing of the synthetic seismogram.

For any derived parameterized source model, this method is called to decide if discretization and stacking of the source should be shared. When two source models return an equal vector of values discretization is shared.

check_conflicts()[source]

Check for parameter conflicts.

To be overloaded in subclasses. Raises DerivedMagnitudeError on conflicts.

get_factor()[source]

Get the scaling factor to be applied during post-processing.

Discretization of the base seismogram is usually done for a unit amplitude, because a common factor can be efficiently multiplied to final seismograms. This eliminates to do repeat the stacking when creating seismograms for a series of source models only differing in amplitude.

This method should return the scaling factor to apply in the post-processing (often this is simply the scalar moment of the source).

class RectangularExplosionSource(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.ExplosionSource

Rectangular or line explosion source.

strike

float, default: 0.0

strike direction in [deg], measured clockwise from north

dip

float, default: 90.0

dip angle in [deg], measured downward from horizontal

length

float, default: 0.0

length of rectangular source area [m]

width

float, default: 0.0

width of rectangular source area [m]

anchor

builtins.str (pyrocko.guts.StringChoice), optional, default: 'center'

Anchor point for positioning the plane, can be: top, center orbottom and also top_left, top_right,bottom_left,bottom_right, center_left and center right

nucleation_x

float, optional

horizontal position of rupture nucleation in normalized fault plane coordinates (-1 = left edge, +1 = right edge)

nucleation_y

float, optional

down-dip position of rupture nucleation in normalized fault plane coordinates (-1 = upper edge, +1 = lower edge)

velocity

float, default: 3500.0

speed of explosion front [m/s]

discretized_source_class

alias of pyrocko.gf.meta.DiscretizedExplosionSource

base_key()[source]

Get key to decide about source discretization / GF stack sharing.

When two source models differ only in amplitude and origin time, the discretization and the GF stacking can be done only once for a unit amplitude and a zero origin time and the amplitude and origin times of the seismograms can be applied during post-processing of the synthetic seismogram.

For any derived parameterized source model, this method is called to decide if discretization and stacking of the source should be shared. When two source models return an equal vector of values discretization is shared.

class DCSource(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.SourceWithMagnitude

A double-couple point source.

strike

float, default: 0.0

strike direction in [deg], measured clockwise from north

dip

float, default: 90.0

dip angle in [deg], measured downward from horizontal

rake

float, default: 0.0

rake angle in [deg], measured counter-clockwise from right-horizontal in on-plane view

discretized_source_class

alias of pyrocko.gf.meta.DiscretizedMTSource

base_key()[source]

Get key to decide about source discretization / GF stack sharing.

When two source models differ only in amplitude and origin time, the discretization and the GF stacking can be done only once for a unit amplitude and a zero origin time and the amplitude and origin times of the seismograms can be applied during post-processing of the synthetic seismogram.

For any derived parameterized source model, this method is called to decide if discretization and stacking of the source should be shared. When two source models return an equal vector of values discretization is shared.

get_factor()[source]

Get the scaling factor to be applied during post-processing.

Discretization of the base seismogram is usually done for a unit amplitude, because a common factor can be efficiently multiplied to final seismograms. This eliminates to do repeat the stacking when creating seismograms for a series of source models only differing in amplitude.

This method should return the scaling factor to apply in the post-processing (often this is simply the scalar moment of the source).

class CLVDSource(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.SourceWithMagnitude

A pure CLVD point source.

azimuth

float, default: 0.0

azimuth direction of largest dipole, clockwise from north [deg]

dip

float, default: 90.0

dip direction of largest dipole, downward from horizontal [deg]

discretized_source_class

alias of pyrocko.gf.meta.DiscretizedMTSource

base_key()[source]

Get key to decide about source discretization / GF stack sharing.

When two source models differ only in amplitude and origin time, the discretization and the GF stacking can be done only once for a unit amplitude and a zero origin time and the amplitude and origin times of the seismograms can be applied during post-processing of the synthetic seismogram.

For any derived parameterized source model, this method is called to decide if discretization and stacking of the source should be shared. When two source models return an equal vector of values discretization is shared.

get_factor()[source]

Get the scaling factor to be applied during post-processing.

Discretization of the base seismogram is usually done for a unit amplitude, because a common factor can be efficiently multiplied to final seismograms. This eliminates to do repeat the stacking when creating seismograms for a series of source models only differing in amplitude.

This method should return the scaling factor to apply in the post-processing (often this is simply the scalar moment of the source).

class VLVDSource(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.SourceWithDerivedMagnitude

Volumetric linear vector dipole source.

This source is a parameterization for a restricted moment tensor point source, useful to represent dyke or sill like inflation or deflation sources. The restriction is such that the moment tensor is rotational symmetric. It can be represented by a superposition of a linear vector dipole (here we use a CLVD for convenience) and an isotropic component. The restricted moment tensor has 4 degrees of freedom: 2 independent eigenvalues and 2 rotation angles orienting the the symmetry axis.

In this parameterization, the isotropic component is controlled by volume_change. To define the moment tensor, it must be converted to the scalar moment of the the MT’s isotropic component. For the conversion, the shear modulus at the source’s position must be known. This value is extracted from the earth model defined in the GF store in use.

The CLVD part by controlled by its scalar moment M_0: clvd_moment. The sign of clvd_moment is used to switch between a positiv or negativ CLVD (the sign of the largest eigenvalue).

azimuth

float, default: 0.0

azimuth direction of symmetry axis, clockwise from north [deg].

dip

float, default: 90.0

dip direction of symmetry axis, downward from horizontal [deg].

volume_change

float, default: 0.0

volume change of the inflation/deflation [m^3].

clvd_moment

float, default: 0.0

scalar moment M_0 of the CLVD component [Nm]. The sign controls the sign of the CLVD (the sign of its largest eigenvalue).

discretized_source_class

alias of pyrocko.gf.meta.DiscretizedMTSource

base_key()[source]

Get key to decide about source discretization / GF stack sharing.

When two source models differ only in amplitude and origin time, the discretization and the GF stacking can be done only once for a unit amplitude and a zero origin time and the amplitude and origin times of the seismograms can be applied during post-processing of the synthetic seismogram.

For any derived parameterized source model, this method is called to decide if discretization and stacking of the source should be shared. When two source models return an equal vector of values discretization is shared.

class MTSource(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.Source

A moment tensor point source.

mnn

float, default: 1.0

north-north component of moment tensor in [Nm]

mee

float, default: 1.0

east-east component of moment tensor in [Nm]

mdd

float, default: 1.0

down-down component of moment tensor in [Nm]

mne

float, default: 0.0

north-east component of moment tensor in [Nm]

mnd

float, default: 0.0

north-down component of moment tensor in [Nm]

med

float, default: 0.0

east-down component of moment tensor in [Nm]

discretized_source_class

alias of pyrocko.gf.meta.DiscretizedMTSource

base_key()[source]

Get key to decide about source discretization / GF stack sharing.

When two source models differ only in amplitude and origin time, the discretization and the GF stacking can be done only once for a unit amplitude and a zero origin time and the amplitude and origin times of the seismograms can be applied during post-processing of the synthetic seismogram.

For any derived parameterized source model, this method is called to decide if discretization and stacking of the source should be shared. When two source models return an equal vector of values discretization is shared.

class RectangularSource(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.SourceWithDerivedMagnitude

Classical Haskell source model modified for bilateral rupture.

magnitude

float, optional

moment magnitude Mw as in [Hanks and Kanamori, 1979]

strike

float, default: 0.0

strike direction in [deg], measured clockwise from north

dip

float, default: 90.0

dip angle in [deg], measured downward from horizontal

rake

float, default: 0.0

rake angle in [deg], measured counter-clockwise from right-horizontal in on-plane view

length

float, default: 0.0

length of rectangular source area [m]

width

float, default: 0.0

width of rectangular source area [m]

anchor

builtins.str (pyrocko.guts.StringChoice), optional, default: 'center'

Anchor point for positioning the plane, can be: top, center orbottom and also top_left, top_right,bottom_left,bottom_right, center_left and center right

nucleation_x

float, optional

horizontal position of rupture nucleation in normalized fault plane coordinates (-1 = left edge, +1 = right edge)

nucleation_y

float, optional

down-dip position of rupture nucleation in normalized fault plane coordinates (-1 = upper edge, +1 = lower edge)

velocity

float, default: 3500.0

speed of rupture front [m/s]

slip

float, optional

Slip on the rectangular source area [m]

opening_fraction

float, default: 0.0

Determines fraction of slip related to opening. (-1: pure tensile closing, 0: pure shear, 1: pure tensile opening)

decimation_factor

int, optional, default: 1

Sub-source decimation factor, a larger decimation will make the result inaccurate but shorten the necessary computation time (use for testing puposes only).

discretized_source_class

alias of pyrocko.gf.meta.DiscretizedMTSource

base_key()[source]

Get key to decide about source discretization / GF stack sharing.

When two source models differ only in amplitude and origin time, the discretization and the GF stacking can be done only once for a unit amplitude and a zero origin time and the amplitude and origin times of the seismograms can be applied during post-processing of the synthetic seismogram.

For any derived parameterized source model, this method is called to decide if discretization and stacking of the source should be shared. When two source models return an equal vector of values discretization is shared.

check_conflicts()[source]

Check for parameter conflicts.

To be overloaded in subclasses. Raises DerivedMagnitudeError on conflicts.

get_factor()[source]

Get the scaling factor to be applied during post-processing.

Discretization of the base seismogram is usually done for a unit amplitude, because a common factor can be efficiently multiplied to final seismograms. This eliminates to do repeat the stacking when creating seismograms for a series of source models only differing in amplitude.

This method should return the scaling factor to apply in the post-processing (often this is simply the scalar moment of the source).

class DoubleDCSource(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.SourceWithMagnitude

Two double-couple point sources separated in space and time. Moment share between the sub-sources is controlled by the parameter mix. The position of the subsources is dependent on the moment distribution between the two sources. Depth, east and north shift are given for the centroid between the two double-couples. The subsources will positioned according to their moment shares around this centroid position. This is done according to their delta parameters, which are therefore in relation to that centroid. Note that depth of the subsources therefore can be depth+/-delta_depth. For shallow earthquakes therefore the depth has to be chosen deeper to avoid sampling above surface.

strike1

float, default: 0.0

strike direction in [deg], measured clockwise from north

dip1

float, default: 90.0

dip angle in [deg], measured downward from horizontal

azimuth

float, default: 0.0

azimuth to second double-couple [deg], measured at first, clockwise from north

rake1

float, default: 0.0

rake angle in [deg], measured counter-clockwise from right-horizontal in on-plane view

strike2

float, default: 0.0

strike direction in [deg], measured clockwise from north

dip2

float, default: 90.0

dip angle in [deg], measured downward from horizontal

rake2

float, default: 0.0

rake angle in [deg], measured counter-clockwise from right-horizontal in on-plane view

delta_time

float, default: 0.0

separation of double-couples in time (t2-t1) [s]

delta_depth

float, default: 0.0

difference in depth (z2-z1) [m]

distance

float, default: 0.0

distance between the two double-couples [m]

mix

float, default: 0.5

how to distribute the moment to the two doublecouples mix=0 -> m1=1 and m2=0; mix=1 -> m1=0, m2=1

stf1

STF, optional

Source time function of subsource 1 (if given, overrides STF from attribute Source.stf)

stf2

STF, optional

Source time function of subsource 2 (if given, overrides STF from attribute Source.stf)

discretized_source_class

alias of pyrocko.gf.meta.DiscretizedMTSource

base_key()[source]

Get key to decide about source discretization / GF stack sharing.

When two source models differ only in amplitude and origin time, the discretization and the GF stacking can be done only once for a unit amplitude and a zero origin time and the amplitude and origin times of the seismograms can be applied during post-processing of the synthetic seismogram.

For any derived parameterized source model, this method is called to decide if discretization and stacking of the source should be shared. When two source models return an equal vector of values discretization is shared.

get_factor()[source]

Get the scaling factor to be applied during post-processing.

Discretization of the base seismogram is usually done for a unit amplitude, because a common factor can be efficiently multiplied to final seismograms. This eliminates to do repeat the stacking when creating seismograms for a series of source models only differing in amplitude.

This method should return the scaling factor to apply in the post-processing (often this is simply the scalar moment of the source).

effective_stf_post()[source]

Return the STF applied after stacking of the Green’s fuctions.

This STF is used in the post-processing of the synthetic seismograms.

Handling of the STF after stacking of the GFs is usually more efficient but is only possible when a common STF is used for all subsources.

class RingfaultSource(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.SourceWithMagnitude

A ring fault with vertical doublecouples.

diameter

float, default: 1.0

diameter of the ring in [m]

sign

float, default: 1.0

inside of the ring moves up (+1) or down (-1)

strike

float, default: 0.0

strike direction of the ring plane, clockwise from north, in [deg]

dip

float, default: 0.0

dip angle of the ring plane from horizontal in [deg]

npointsources

int, default: 360

number of point sources to use

discretized_source_class

alias of pyrocko.gf.meta.DiscretizedMTSource

base_key()[source]

Get key to decide about source discretization / GF stack sharing.

When two source models differ only in amplitude and origin time, the discretization and the GF stacking can be done only once for a unit amplitude and a zero origin time and the amplitude and origin times of the seismograms can be applied during post-processing of the synthetic seismogram.

For any derived parameterized source model, this method is called to decide if discretization and stacking of the source should be shared. When two source models return an equal vector of values discretization is shared.

get_factor()[source]

Get the scaling factor to be applied during post-processing.

Discretization of the base seismogram is usually done for a unit amplitude, because a common factor can be efficiently multiplied to final seismograms. This eliminates to do repeat the stacking when creating seismograms for a series of source models only differing in amplitude.

This method should return the scaling factor to apply in the post-processing (often this is simply the scalar moment of the source).

class CombiSource(subsources=[], **kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.Source

Composite source model.

subsources

list of Source objects, default: []

discretized_source_class

alias of pyrocko.gf.meta.DiscretizedMTSource

get_factor()[source]

Get the scaling factor to be applied during post-processing.

Discretization of the base seismogram is usually done for a unit amplitude, because a common factor can be efficiently multiplied to final seismograms. This eliminates to do repeat the stacking when creating seismograms for a series of source models only differing in amplitude.

This method should return the scaling factor to apply in the post-processing (often this is simply the scalar moment of the source).

class SFSource(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.Source

A single force point source.

fn

float, default: 0.0

northward component of single force [N]

fe

float, default: 0.0

eastward component of single force [N]

fd

float, default: 0.0

downward component of single force [N]

discretized_source_class

alias of pyrocko.gf.meta.DiscretizedSFSource

base_key()[source]

Get key to decide about source discretization / GF stack sharing.

When two source models differ only in amplitude and origin time, the discretization and the GF stacking can be done only once for a unit amplitude and a zero origin time and the amplitude and origin times of the seismograms can be applied during post-processing of the synthetic seismogram.

For any derived parameterized source model, this method is called to decide if discretization and stacking of the source should be shared. When two source models return an equal vector of values discretization is shared.

get_factor()[source]

Get the scaling factor to be applied during post-processing.

Discretization of the base seismogram is usually done for a unit amplitude, because a common factor can be efficiently multiplied to final seismograms. This eliminates to do repeat the stacking when creating seismograms for a series of source models only differing in amplitude.

This method should return the scaling factor to apply in the post-processing (often this is simply the scalar moment of the source).

class PorePressurePointSource(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.Source

Excess pore pressure point source.

For poro-elastic initial value problem where an excess pore pressure is brought into a small source volume.

pp

float, default: 1.0

initial excess pore pressure in [Pa]

discretized_source_class

alias of pyrocko.gf.meta.DiscretizedPorePressureSource

base_key()[source]

Get key to decide about source discretization / GF stack sharing.

When two source models differ only in amplitude and origin time, the discretization and the GF stacking can be done only once for a unit amplitude and a zero origin time and the amplitude and origin times of the seismograms can be applied during post-processing of the synthetic seismogram.

For any derived parameterized source model, this method is called to decide if discretization and stacking of the source should be shared. When two source models return an equal vector of values discretization is shared.

get_factor()[source]

Get the scaling factor to be applied during post-processing.

Discretization of the base seismogram is usually done for a unit amplitude, because a common factor can be efficiently multiplied to final seismograms. This eliminates to do repeat the stacking when creating seismograms for a series of source models only differing in amplitude.

This method should return the scaling factor to apply in the post-processing (often this is simply the scalar moment of the source).

class PorePressureLineSource(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.Source

Excess pore pressure line source.

The line source is centered at (north_shift, east_shift, depth).

pp

float, default: 1.0

initial excess pore pressure in [Pa]

length

float, default: 0.0

length of the line source [m]

azimuth

float, default: 0.0

azimuth direction, clockwise from north [deg]

dip

float, default: 90.0

dip direction, downward from horizontal [deg]

discretized_source_class

alias of pyrocko.gf.meta.DiscretizedPorePressureSource

base_key()[source]

Get key to decide about source discretization / GF stack sharing.

When two source models differ only in amplitude and origin time, the discretization and the GF stacking can be done only once for a unit amplitude and a zero origin time and the amplitude and origin times of the seismograms can be applied during post-processing of the synthetic seismogram.

For any derived parameterized source model, this method is called to decide if discretization and stacking of the source should be shared. When two source models return an equal vector of values discretization is shared.

get_factor()[source]

Get the scaling factor to be applied during post-processing.

Discretization of the base seismogram is usually done for a unit amplitude, because a common factor can be efficiently multiplied to final seismograms. This eliminates to do repeat the stacking when creating seismograms for a series of source models only differing in amplitude.

This method should return the scaling factor to apply in the post-processing (often this is simply the scalar moment of the source).

class Request(*args, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.Object

Synthetic seismogram computation request.

Request(**kwargs)
Request(sources, targets, **kwargs)
sources

list of Source objects, default: []

list of sources for which to produce synthetics.

targets

list of pyrocko.gf.targets.Target objects, default: []

list of targets for which to produce synthetics.

class ProcessingStats(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.Object

Undocumented.

t_perc_get_store_and_receiver

float, default: 0.0

t_perc_discretize_source

float, default: 0.0

t_perc_make_base_seismogram

float, default: 0.0

t_perc_make_same_span

float, default: 0.0

t_perc_post_process

float, default: 0.0

t_perc_optimize

float, default: 0.0

t_perc_stack

float, default: 0.0

t_perc_static_get_store

float, default: 0.0

t_perc_static_discretize_basesource

float, default: 0.0

t_perc_static_sum_statics

float, default: 0.0

t_perc_static_post_process

float, default: 0.0

t_wallclock

float, default: 0.0

t_cpu

float, default: 0.0

n_read_blocks

int, default: 0

n_results

int, default: 0

n_subrequests

int, default: 0

n_stores

int, default: 0

n_records_stacked

int, default: 0

class Response(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.Object

Resonse object to a synthetic seismogram computation request.

request

Request

results_list

list of list of pyrocko.gf.meta.SeismosizerResult objects objects, default: []

stats

ProcessingStats

pyrocko_traces()[source]

Return a list of requested Trace instances.

kite_scenes()[source]

Return a list of requested scenes instances.

static_results()[source]

Return a list of requested StaticResult instances.

iter_results(get='pyrocko_traces')[source]

Generator function to iterate over results of request.

Yields associated Source, Target, Trace instances in each iteration.

snuffle(**kwargs)[source]

Open snuffler with requested traces.

class Engine(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.Object

Base class for synthetic seismogram calculators.

get_store_ids()[source]

Get list of available GF store IDs

class LocalEngine(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.Engine

Offline synthetic seismogram calculator.

Parameters:
  • use_env – if True, fill store_superdirs and store_dirs with paths set in environment variables GF_STORE_SUPERDIRS and GF_STORE_DIRS.
  • use_config

    if True, fill store_superdirs and store_dirs with paths set in the user’s config file.

    The config file can be found at ~/.pyrocko/config.pf

    gf_store_dirs: ['/home/pyrocko/gf_stores/ak135/']
    gf_store_superdirs: ['/home/pyrocko/gf_stores/']
    
store_superdirs

list of str objects, default: []

directories which are searched for Green’s function stores

store_dirs

list of str objects, default: []

additional individual Green’s function store directories

default_store_id

str, optional

default store ID to be used when a request does not provide one

get_store_dir(store_id)[source]

Lookup directory given a GF store ID.

get_store_ids()[source]

Get list of available store IDs.

get_store(store_id=None)[source]

Get a store from the engine.

Parameters:store_id – identifier of the store (optional)
Returns:Store object

If no store_id is provided the store associated with the default_store_id is returned. Raises NoDefaultStoreSet if default_store_id is undefined.

close_cashed_stores()[source]

Close and remove ids from cashed stores.

process(*args, **kwargs)[source]

Process a request.

process(**kwargs)
process(request, **kwargs)
process(sources, targets, **kwargs)

The request can be given a a Request object, or such an object is created using Request(**kwargs) for convenience.

Returns:Response object
class RemoteEngine(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.Engine

Client for remote synthetic seismogram calculator.

site

str, optional, default: 'localhost'

url

str, optional, default: '%(site)s/gfws/%(service)s/%(majorversion)i/%(method)s'

class SourceGroup(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.Object

Undocumented.

class SourceList(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.SourceGroup

Undocumented.

sources

list of Source objects, default: []

class SourceGrid(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.seismosizer.SourceGroup

Undocumented.

base

Source

variables

dict of Range objects, default: {}

order

list of str objects, default: []

gf.targets

exception BadTarget[source]

Bases: Exception

class Filter(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.Object

Undocumented.

class OptimizationMethod(dummy) → str[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.StringChoice

Any str out of ['enable', 'disable'].

component_orientation(source, target, component)[source]

Get component and azimuth for standard components R, T, Z, N, and E.

Parameters:
  • sourcepyrocko.gf.Location object
  • targetpyrocko.gf.Location object
  • component – string 'R', 'T', 'Z', 'N' or 'E'
class Target(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.meta.Receiver

A seismogram computation request for a single component, including its post-processing parmeters.

quantity

builtins.str (pyrocko.gf.meta.QuantityType), optional

Measurement quantity type. If not given, it is guessed from the channel code. For some common cases, derivatives of the stored quantities are supported by using finite difference approximations (e.g. displacement to velocity or acceleration). 4th order central FD schemes are used.

codes

tuple of 4 str objects, default: ('', 'STA', '', 'Z')

network, station, location and channel codes to be set on the response trace.

elevation

float, default: 0.0

station surface elevation in [m]

store_id

builtins.str (pyrocko.gf.meta.StringID), optional

ID of Green’s function store to use for the computation. If not given, the processor may use a system default.

sample_rate

float, optional

sample rate to produce. If not given the GF store’s default sample rate is used. GF store specific restrictions may apply.

interpolation

builtins.str (pyrocko.gf.meta.InterpolationMethod), default: 'nearest_neighbor'

Interpolation method between Green’s functions. Supported are nearest_neighbor and multilinear

optimization

builtins.str (OptimizationMethod), optional, default: 'enable'

disable/enable optimizations in weight-delay-and-sum operation

tmin

builtins.float (pyrocko.guts.Timestamp), optional

time of first sample to request in [s]. If not given, it is determined from the Green’s functions.

tmax

builtins.float (pyrocko.guts.Timestamp), optional

time of last sample to request in [s]. If not given, it is determined from the Green’s functions.

azimuth

float, optional

azimuth of sensor component in [deg], clockwise from north. If not given, it is guessed from the channel code.

dip

float, optional

dip of sensor component in [deg], measured downward from horizontal. If not given, it is guessed from the channel code.

filter

Filter, optional

frequency response filter.

class StaticTarget(*args, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.meta.MultiLocation

A computation request for a spatial multi-location target of static/geodetic quantities.

quantity

builtins.str (pyrocko.gf.meta.QuantityType), optional, default: 'displacement'

Measurement quantity type, for now only displacement issupported.

interpolation

builtins.str (pyrocko.gf.meta.InterpolationMethod), default: 'nearest_neighbor'

Interpolation method between Green’s functions. Supported are nearest_neighbor and multilinear

tsnapshot

builtins.float (pyrocko.guts.Timestamp), optional

time of the desired snapshot in [s], If not given, the first sample is taken. If the desired sample exceeds the length of the Green’s function store, the last sample is taken.

store_id

builtins.str (pyrocko.gf.meta.StringID), optional

ID of Green’s function store to use for the computation. If not given, the processor may use a system default.

ntargets

Number of targets held by instance.

get_targets()[source]

Discretizes the multilocation target into a list of Target:

Returns:Target
Return type:list
class SatelliteTarget(*args, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.targets.StaticTarget

A computation request for a spatial multi-location target of static/geodetic quantities measured from a satellite instrument. The line of sight angles are provided and projecting post-processing is applied.

theta

numpy.ndarray (pyrocko.guts_array.Array)

Horizontal angle towards satellite’s line of sight in radians.

Important

0 is east and \frac{\pi}{2} is north.

phi

numpy.ndarray (pyrocko.guts_array.Array)

Theta is look vector elevation angle towards satellite from horizon in radians. Matrix of theta towards satellite’s line of sight.

Important

-\frac{\pi}{2} is down and \frac{\pi}{2} is up.

class KiteSceneTarget(scene, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.targets.SatelliteTarget

Undocumented.

shape

tuple of 2 int objects, default: (None, None)

Shape of the displacement vectors.

class GNSSCampaignTarget(*args, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.targets.StaticTarget

Undocumented.

gf.meta

class InterpolationMethod(dummy) → str[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.StringChoice

Any str out of ['nearest_neighbor', 'multilinear'].

class SeismosizerTrace(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.Object

Undocumented.

codes

tuple of 4 str objects, default: ('', 'STA', '', 'Z')

network, station, location and channel codes

data

numpy.ndarray (pyrocko.guts_array.Array)

numpy array with data samples

deltat

float, default: 1.0

sampling interval [s]

tmin

builtins.float (pyrocko.guts.Timestamp), default: 0.0

time of first sample as a system timestamp [s]

class SeismosizerResult(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.Object

Undocumented.

n_records_stacked

int, optional, default: 1

t_stack

float, optional, default: 0.0

class Result(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.meta.SeismosizerResult

Undocumented.

trace

SeismosizerTrace, optional

n_shared_stacking

int, optional, default: 1

t_optimize

float, optional, default: 0.0

class StaticResult(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.meta.SeismosizerResult

Undocumented.

result

dict of numpy.ndarray (pyrocko.guts_array.Array) objects, default: {}

class ComponentScheme(dummy) → str[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.StringChoice

Different Green’s Function component schemes are available:

Name Description
elastic10 Elastodynamic for ConfigTypeA and ConfigTypeB stores, MT sources only
elastic8 Elastodynamic for far-field only ConfigTypeA and ConfigTypeB stores, MT sources only
elastic2 Elastodynamic for ConfigTypeA and ConfigTypeB stores, purely isotropic sources only
elastic5 Elastodynamic for ConfigTypeA and ConfigTypeB stores, SF sources only
elastic18 Elastodynamic for ConfigTypeC stores, MT sources only
poroelastic10 Poroelastic for ConfigTypeA and ConfigTypeB stores
class Earthmodel1D(dummy) → LayeredModel[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.Object

Undocumented.

class StringID(dummy) → str[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.StringPattern

Any str matching pattern '^[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9._]{0,64}$'.

class ScopeType(dummy) → str[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.StringChoice

Any str out of ['global', 'regional', 'local'].

class NearfieldTermsType(dummy) → str[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.StringChoice

Any str out of ['complete', 'incomplete', 'missing'].

class QuantityType(dummy) → str[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.StringChoice

Any str out of ['displacement', 'rotation', 'velocity', 'acceleration', 'pressure', 'tilt', 'pore_pressure', 'darcy_velocity', 'vertical_tilt'].

class Reference(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.Object

Undocumented.

id

builtins.str (StringID)

type

str

title

str

journal

str, optional

volume

str, optional

number

str, optional

pages

str, optional

year

str

issn

str, optional

doi

str, optional

url

str, optional

eprint

str, optional

authors

list of str objects, default: []

publisher

str, optional

keywords

str, optional

note

str, optional

abstract

str, optional

class PhaseSelect(dummy) → str[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.StringChoice

Any str out of ['', 'first', 'last'].

exception InvalidTimingSpecification[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.ValidationError

class Timing(s=None, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.SObject

Definition of a time instant relative to one or more named phase arrivals

Instances of this class can be used e.g. in cutting and tapering operations. They can hold an absolute time or an offset to a named phase arrival or group of such arrivals.

Timings can be instantiated from a simple string defintion i.e. with Timing(str) where str is something like 'SELECT{PHASE_DEFS}[+-]OFFSET[S|%]' where 'SELECT' is 'first', 'last' or empty, 'PHASE_DEFS' is a '|'-separated list of phase definitions, and 'OFFSET' is the time offset in seconds. If a '%' is appended, it is interpreted as percent. If the an 'S' is appended to 'OFFSET', it is interpreted as a surface slowness in [s/km].

Phase definitions can be specified in either of the following ways:

  • 'stored:PHASE_ID' - retrieves value from stored travel time table
  • 'cake:CAKE_PHASE_DEF' - evaluates first arrival of phase with cake (see pyrocko.cake.PhaseDef)
  • 'vel_surface:VELOCITY' - arrival according to surface distance / velocity [km/s]
  • 'vel:VELOCITY' - arrival according to 3D-distance / velocity [km/s]

Examples:

  • '100' : absolute time; 100 s
  • '{stored:P}-100' : 100 s before arrival of P phase according to stored travel time table named 'P'
  • '{stored:P}-5.1S' : 10% before arrival of P phase according to stored travel time table named 'P'
  • '{stored:P}-10%' : 10% before arrival of P phase according to stored travel time table named 'P'
  • '{stored:A|stored:B}' : time instant of phase arrival A, or B if A is undefined for a given geometry
  • 'first{stored:A|stored:B}' : as above, but the earlier arrival of A and B is chosen, if both phases are defined for a given geometry
  • 'last{stored:A|stored:B}' : as above but the later arrival is chosen
  • 'first{stored:A|stored:B|stored:C}-100' : 100 s before first out of arrivals A, B, and C
phase_defs

list of str objects, default: []

offset

float, default: 0.0

offset_is

str, optional

select

builtins.str (PhaseSelect), default: ''

Can be either '', 'first', or 'last'.

class TPDef(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.Object

Maps an arrival phase identifier to an arrival phase definition.

id

builtins.str (StringID)

name used to identify the phase

definition

str

definition of the phase in either cake syntax as defined in pyrocko.cake.PhaseDef, or, if prepended with an !, as a classic phase name, or, if it is a simple number, as a constant horizontal velocity.

exception OutOfBounds(values=None, reason=None)[source]

Bases: Exception

class Receiver(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.model.location.Location

Undocumented.

codes

tuple of 3 str objects, optional

network, station, and location codes

exception UnavailableScheme[source]

Bases: Exception

class DiscretizedExplosionSource(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.meta.DiscretizedSource

Undocumented.

m0s

numpy.ndarray (pyrocko.guts_array.Array)

classmethod combine(sources, **kwargs)[source]

Combine several discretized source models.

Concatenenates all point sources in the given discretized sources. Care must be taken when using this function that the external amplitude factors and reference times of the parameterized (undiscretized) sources match or are accounted for.

class DiscretizedSFSource(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.meta.DiscretizedSource

Undocumented.

forces

numpy.ndarray (pyrocko.guts_array.Array)

classmethod combine(sources, **kwargs)[source]

Combine several discretized source models.

Concatenenates all point sources in the given discretized sources. Care must be taken when using this function that the external amplitude factors and reference times of the parameterized (undiscretized) sources match or are accounted for.

class DiscretizedMTSource(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.meta.DiscretizedSource

Undocumented.

m6s

numpy.ndarray (pyrocko.guts_array.Array)

rows with (m_nn, m_ee, m_dd, m_ne, m_nd, m_ed)

classmethod combine(sources, **kwargs)[source]

Combine several discretized source models.

Concatenenates all point sources in the given discretized sources. Care must be taken when using this function that the external amplitude factors and reference times of the parameterized (undiscretized) sources match or are accounted for.

class DiscretizedPorePressureSource(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.meta.DiscretizedSource

Undocumented.

pp

numpy.ndarray (pyrocko.guts_array.Array)

classmethod combine(sources, **kwargs)[source]

Combine several discretized source models.

Concatenenates all point sources in the given discretized sources. Care must be taken when using this function that the external amplitude factors and reference times of the parameterized (undiscretized) sources match or are accounted for.

class Region(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.Object

Undocumented.

name

str, optional

class RectangularRegion(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.meta.Region

Undocumented.

lat_min

float

lat_max

float

lon_min

float

lon_max

float

class CircularRegion(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.meta.Region

Undocumented.

lat

float

lon

float

radius

float

class Config(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.Object

Green’s function store meta information.

Currently implemented Store configuration types are:

  • ConfigTypeA - cylindrical or spherical symmetry, 1D earth model, single receiver depth
    • Problem is invariant to horizontal translations and rotations around vertical axis.
    • All receivers must be at the same depth (e.g. at the surface)
    • High level index variables: (source_depth, receiver_distance, component)
  • ConfigTypeB - cylindrical or spherical symmetry, 1D earth model, variable receiver depth
    • Symmetries like in Type A but has additional index for receiver depth
    • High level index variables: (source_depth, receiver_distance, receiver_depth, component)
  • ConfigTypeC - no symmetrical constraints but fixed receiver positions
    • Cartesian source volume around a reference point
    • High level index variables: (ireceiver, source_depth, source_east_shift, source_north_shift, component)
id

builtins.str (StringID)

Name of the store. May consist of upper and lower-case letters, digits, dots and underscores. The name must start with a letter.

derived_from_id

builtins.str (StringID), optional

Name of the original store, if this store has been derived from another one (e.g. extracted subset).

version

str, optional, default: '1.0'

User-defined version string. Use <major>.<minor> format.

modelling_code_id

builtins.str (StringID), optional

Identifier of the backend used to compute the store.

author

str, optional

Comma-separated list of author names.

author_email

str, optional

Author’s contact email address.

created_time

builtins.float (pyrocko.guts.Timestamp), optional

Time of creation of the store.

regions

list of Region objects, default: []

Geographical regions for which the store is representative.

scope_type

builtins.str (ScopeType), optional

Distance range scope of the store (choices: 'global', 'regional', 'local').

waveform_type

builtins.str (WaveType), optional

Wave type stored (choices: 'full waveform', 'bodywave', 'P wave', 'S wave', 'surface wave').

nearfield_terms

builtins.str (NearfieldTermsType), optional

Information about the inclusion of near-field terms in the modelling (choices: 'complete', 'incomplete', 'missing').

description

str, optional

Free form textual description of the GF store.

references

list of Reference objects, default: []

Reference list to cite the modelling code, earth model or related work.

earthmodel_1d

pyrocko.cake.LayeredModel (Earthmodel1D), optional

Layered earth model in ND (named discontinuity) format.

earthmodel_receiver_1d

pyrocko.cake.LayeredModel (Earthmodel1D), optional

Receiver-side layered earth model in ND format.

can_interpolate_source

bool, optional

Hint to indicate if the spatial sampling of the store is dense enough for multi-linear interpolation at the source.

can_interpolate_receiver

bool, optional

Hint to indicate if the spatial sampling of the store is dense enough for multi-linear interpolation at the receiver.

frequency_min

float, optional

Hint to indicate the lower bound of valid frequencies [Hz].

frequency_max

float, optional

Hint to indicate the upper bound of valid frequencies [Hz].

sample_rate

float, optional

Sample rate of the GF store [Hz].

factor

float, optional, default: 1.0

Gain value, factored out of the stored GF samples. (may not work properly, keep at 1.0).

component_scheme

builtins.str (ComponentScheme), default: 'elastic10'

GF component scheme (choices: 'elastic2', 'elastic8', 'elastic10', 'elastic18', 'elastic5', 'poroelastic10').

stored_quantity

builtins.str (QuantityType), optional

Physical quantity of stored values (choices: 'displacement', 'rotation', 'velocity', 'acceleration', 'pressure', 'tilt', 'pore_pressure', 'darcy_velocity', 'vertical_tilt'). If not given, a default is used based on the GF component scheme. The default for the "elastic*" family of component schemes is "displacement".

tabulated_phases

list of TPDef objects, default: []

Mapping of phase names to phase definitions, for which travel time tables are available in the GF store.

ncomponents

int, optional

Number of GF components. Use component_scheme instead.

uuid

str, optional

Heuristic hash value which can be used to uniquely identify the GF store for practical purposes.

reference

str, optional

Store reference name composed of the store’s id and the first six letters of its uuid.

get_shear_moduli(lat, lon, points, interpolation=None)[source]

Get shear moduli at given points from contained velocity model.

Parameters:
  • lat – surface origin for coordinate system of points
  • points – NumPy array of shape (N, 3), where each row is a point (north, east, depth), relative to origin at (lat, lon)
  • interpolation – interpolation method. Choose from ('nearest_neighbor', 'multilinear')
Returns:

NumPy array of length N with extracted shear moduli at each point

The default implementation retrieves and interpolates the shear moduli from the contained 1D velocity profile.

get_lambda_moduli(lat, lon, points, interpolation=None)[source]

Get lambda moduli at given points from contained velocity model.

Parameters:
  • lat – surface origin for coordinate system of points
  • points – NumPy array of shape (N, 3), where each row is a point (north, east, depth), relative to origin at (lat, lon)
  • interpolation – interpolation method. Choose from ('nearest_neighbor', 'multilinear')
Returns:

NumPy array of length N with extracted shear moduli at each point

The default implementation retrieves and interpolates the lambda moduli from the contained 1D velocity profile.

get_bulk_moduli(lat, lon, points, interpolation=None)[source]

Get bulk moduli at given points from contained velocity model.

Parameters:
  • lat – surface origin for coordinate system of points
  • points – NumPy array of shape (N, 3), where each row is a point (north, east, depth), relative to origin at (lat, lon)
  • interpolation – interpolation method. Choose from ('nearest_neighbor', 'multilinear')
Returns:

NumPy array of length N with extracted shear moduli at each point

The default implementation retrieves and interpolates the lambda moduli from the contained 1D velocity profile.

get_vs(lat, lon, points, interpolation=None)[source]

Get Vs at given points from contained velocity model.

Parameters:
  • lat – surface origin for coordinate system of points
  • points – NumPy array of shape (N, 3), where each row is a point (north, east, depth), relative to origin at (lat, lon)
  • interpolation – interpolation method. Choose from ('nearest_neighbor', 'multilinear')
Returns:

NumPy array of length N with extracted shear moduli at each point

The default implementation retrieves and interpolates Vs from the contained 1D velocity profile.

get_vp(lat, lon, points, interpolation=None)[source]

Get Vp at given points from contained velocity model.

Parameters:
  • lat – surface origin for coordinate system of points
  • points – NumPy array of shape (N, 3), where each row is a point (north, east, depth), relative to origin at (lat, lon)
  • interpolation – interpolation method. Choose from ('nearest_neighbor', 'multilinear')
Returns:

NumPy array of length N with extracted shear moduli at each point

The default implementation retrieves and interpolates Vp from the contained 1D velocity profile.

get_rho(lat, lon, points, interpolation=None)[source]

Get rho at given points from contained velocity model.

Parameters:
  • lat – surface origin for coordinate system of points
  • points – NumPy array of shape (N, 3), where each row is a point (north, east, depth), relative to origin at (lat, lon)
  • interpolation – interpolation method. Choose from ('nearest_neighbor', 'multilinear')
Returns:

NumPy array of length N with extracted shear moduli at each point

The default implementation retrieves and interpolates rho from the contained 1D velocity profile.

get_tabulated_phase(phase_id)[source]

Get tabulated phase definition.

class ConfigTypeA(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.meta.Config

Cylindrical symmetry, 1D earth model, single receiver depth

  • Problem is invariant to horizontal translations and rotations around vertical axis.
  • All receivers must be at the same depth (e.g. at the surface) High level index variables: (source_depth, distance, component)
  • The distance is the surface distance between source and receiver points.
receiver_depth

float, default: 0.0

Fixed receiver depth [m].

source_depth_min

float

Minimum source depth [m].

source_depth_max

float

Maximum source depth [m].

source_depth_delta

float

Grid spacing of source depths [m]

distance_min

float

Minimum source-receiver surface distance [m].

distance_max

float

Maximum source-receiver surface distance [m].

distance_delta

float

Grid spacing of source-receiver surface distance [m].

class ConfigTypeB(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.meta.Config

Cylindrical symmetry, 1D earth model, variable receiver depth

  • Symmetries like in ConfigTypeA but has additional index for receiver depth
  • High level index variables: (source_depth, receiver_distance, receiver_depth, component)
receiver_depth_min

float

Minimum receiver depth [m].

receiver_depth_max

float

Maximum receiver depth [m].

receiver_depth_delta

float

Grid spacing of receiver depths [m]

source_depth_min

float

Minimum source depth [m].

source_depth_max

float

Maximum source depth [m].

source_depth_delta

float

Grid spacing of source depths [m]

distance_min

float

Minimum source-receiver surface distance [m].

distance_max

float

Maximum source-receiver surface distance [m].

distance_delta

float

Grid spacing of source-receiver surface distances [m].

class ConfigTypeC(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.gf.meta.Config

No symmetrical constraints but fixed receiver positions.

  • Cartesian 3D source volume around a reference point
  • High level index variables: (ireceiver, source_depth, source_east_shift, source_north_shift, component)
receivers

list of Receiver objects, default: []

List of fixed receivers.

source_origin

pyrocko.model.location.Location

Origin of the source volume grid.

source_depth_min

float

Minimum source depth [m].

source_depth_max

float

Maximum source depth [m].

source_depth_delta

float

Source depth grid spacing [m].

source_east_shift_min

float

Minimum easting of source grid [m].

source_east_shift_max

float

Maximum easting of source grid [m].

source_east_shift_delta

float

Source volume grid spacing in east direction [m].

source_north_shift_min

float

Minimum northing of source grid [m].

source_north_shift_max

float

Maximum northing of source grid [m].

source_north_shift_delta

float

Source volume grid spacing in north direction [m].

class Weighting(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.Object

Undocumented.

factor

float, default: 1.0

class Taper(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.Object

Undocumented.

tmin

Timing

tmax

Timing

tfade

float, default: 0.0

shape

builtins.str (pyrocko.guts.StringChoice), optional, default: 'cos'

class SimplePattern(pattern)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.SObject

Undocumented.

class WaveformType(dummy) → str[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.StringChoice

Any str out of ['dis', 'vel', 'acc', 'amp_spec_dis', 'amp_spec_vel', 'amp_spec_acc', 'envelope_dis', 'envelope_vel', 'envelope_acc'].

class WaveformType(dummy) → str[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.StringChoice

Any str out of ['dis', 'vel', 'acc', 'amp_spec_dis', 'amp_spec_vel', 'amp_spec_acc', 'envelope_dis', 'envelope_vel', 'envelope_acc'].

class ChannelSelection(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.Object

Undocumented.

pattern

SimplePattern, optional

min_sample_rate

float, optional

max_sample_rate

float, optional

class StationSelection(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.Object

Undocumented.

includes

SimplePattern

excludes

SimplePattern

distance_min

float, optional

distance_max

float, optional

azimuth_min

float, optional

azimuth_max

float, optional

class WaveformSelection(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.Object

Undocumented.

channel_selection

ChannelSelection, optional

station_selection

StationSelection, optional

taper

Taper

waveform_type

builtins.str (WaveformType), default: 'dis'

weighting

Weighting, optional

sample_rate

float, optional

gf_store_id

builtins.str (StringID), optional

exception GridSpecError(s)[source]

Bases: Exception

class Location(**kwargs)[source]

Bases: pyrocko.guts.Object

Geographical location.

The location is given by a reference point at the earth’s surface (lat, lon, elevation) and a cartesian offset from this point (north_shift, east_shift, depth). The offset corrected lat/lon coordinates of the location can be accessed though the effective_latlon, effective_lat, and effective_lon properties.

lat

float, optional, default: 0.0

latitude of reference point [deg]

lon

float, optional, default: 0.0

longitude of reference point [deg]

north_shift

float, optional, default: 0.0

northward cartesian offset from reference point [m]

east_shift

float, optional, default: 0.0

eastward cartesian offset from reference point [m]

elevation

float, optional, default: 0.0

surface elevation, above sea level [m]

depth

float, default: 0.0

depth, below surface [m]

effective_latlon

Property holding the offset-corrected lat/lon pair of the location.

effective_lat

Property holding the offset-corrected latitude of the location.

effective_lon

Property holding the offset-corrected longitude of the location.

same_origin(other)[source]

Check whether other location object has the same reference location.

distance_to(other)[source]

Compute surface distance [m] to other location object.

distance_3d_to(other)[source]

Compute 3D distance [m] to other location object.

All coordinates are transformed to cartesian coordinates if necessary then distance is:

\Delta = \sqrt{\Delta {\bf x}^2 + \Delta {\bf y}^2 +                       \Delta {\bf z}^2}

azibazi_to(other)[source]

Compute azimuth and backazimuth to and from other location object.